Abstract

A key aspect of climate change's impact on organisms lies in understanding their ability to adapt to shifting and stressful environmental conditions. Insects, such as parasitoid wasps, are particularly vulnerable due to limited heat tolerance. Adaptive strategies during mass rearing may enhance the efficacy and resilience of commercially reared biocontrol agents. This study assessed the effects of constant and fluctuating temperature regimens across four generations of mass-reared aphid parasitoids, examining their fitness traits and parasitism success under three thermal environments: colder [10 degrees C], standard [20 degrees C], and heat stress [28 degrees C]. Parasitoids reared under fluctuating temperatures [day/night: 25 degrees C/17 degrees C] showed increased parasitism, but reduced progeny survival compared to those reared at a constant temperature [20 degrees C]. Fluctuating regimens encouraged greater parasitism under heat stress, whereas constant regimens yielded intermediate parasitism across thermal environments, reflecting a pattern consistent with the evolution of specialist-generalist trade-offs. These findings underscore the value of developing adaptive temperature-rearing strategies for mass-rearing systems of parasitoids that more accurately simulate field conditions, improving their performance under climate stress. Future research involving diverse temperature regimens should deepen our understanding of trait trade-offs, such as survival and fecundity, and aid in identifying optimal thermal profiles to maximize efficacy in mass-rearing parasitoid wasps and their performance at the field level.