Abstract

Calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca HAp), which is a versatile bone and teeth material, can be synthesized artificially with the properties similar to natural ones. These are potential candidates for biomedical and UV-resistant protection layers with functionalization. In this work, we have synthesized novel cube-shaped HAp particles of micron size using green synthesis with orange peel and neem leaves extracts. The orange peel extract resulted in a well-defined cube-shaped particles whereas the neem extract-based synthesis needs further improvement with experimental conditions. X-ray diffractometric, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic, and scanning electron microscopic studies confirm the crystalline, structural, and morphological nature of Ca HAp particles, correspondingly. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations of size-dependent HAp cubes reveal that the synthesized cubes are optical transparent up to 2 microns over which they become more reflective. In our knowledge and literature survey, this is the first report on synthesizing the cube-shaped HAp particles using green method leveraged with FDTD simulations. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.