Abstract

The different strategies for the production of oligosaccharides, either by extraction from natural polysaccharides or by chemical and enzymatic synthesis, are presented, and the pros and cons of each are exposed. Special emphasis is given to the synthesis of oligosaccharides by enzyme biocatalysis, highlighting the advantages stemming from the exquisite molecular precision and high activity under mild conditions that are inherent properties of enzymes, but also the limitations and challenges that arise from their complex and delicate protein structure that in many cases needs to be modified by molecular redesign or strengthened by attachment to solid supports to make them effective catalysts at the required reaction conditions. In conclusion, the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides has much to offer in the pursuit of a sustainable chemical industry, in tune with the principles of green chemistry and circular economy. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.