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WAEL EL-DEREDY

Profesor Titular

UNIVERSIDAD DE VALPARAISO

Valparaiso, Chile

Cognitive and Computational Neurscience; Signal processing; Brain Computer Interface ; Neuroimaging; Pain Processing;

Electrical Engieering, AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY. Egipto, 1988
NEUROCOMPUTING, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON. Reino Unido, 1998
Neural Networks, IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON. Reino Unido, 1993

Profesor Titular Full Time

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health

Reino Unido

2012 - 2016
Profesor Asociado Part Time

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

Reino Unido

2008 - 2012
Profesor Asistente Part Time

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

Reino Unido

2005 - 2008
Profesor Asistente Part Time

LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY

Reino Unido

2002 - 2005
Profesor Titular Full Time

UNIVERSIDAD DE VALPARAISO

Chile

2014 - A la fecha
Profesor Titular Full Time

UNIVERSIDAD DE VALPARAISO

Facultad de Ingenieria

VALPARAISO, Chile

2016 - A la fecha

Research Scientist

Unilever Research & Development

Reino Unido

1997 - 2002
Computer Engineer

IBM

Egipto

1988 - 1991

List of supervised PhD students
PhD Funding Year awarded
Gabriela Vargas ANID, Chile 2023
BRAIN SELF-REGULATION LEARNING IN THE NEUROCOMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF ACTIVE INFERENCE
Ingeniería Biológica y Médica

David Araya ANID, Chile 2023
EL CEREBRO COMO UN SISTEMA DINAMICO HIBRIDO
Biophysics and Computational Biology

Aland Astudillo ANID, Chile 2023
Modelamiento de características de dinámica cerebral en EEG a través de modelos generativos híbridos tipo Markov Oculto
Biophysics and Computational Biology

Monica Otero ANID, Chile 2020
Entrainment and phase-dependent persistence of the EEG alpha oscillations: computational modelling and empirical evidence
Ingeniería Electrónica

Samy Castro ANID, Chile 2020
The Mesoscale Organization Of Human Connectome Shapes Ignition In Cortical Activity
Neurociencia

Jules Schneider BBSRC, R.Unido 2019
Sleeping soundly: Effects of auditory closed-loop stimulation on sleep and memory
Ciencias Biológicas, Médicas y de la Salud

Grace Whitaker MRC 2018
Investigating the Role of Striatal Dopamine in Attentional Inhibition
Ciencias Biológicas, Médicas y de la Salud

Ashley Symons Uni Manchester President’s award 2017
Examining the Role of Temporal Prediction in Multisensory Emotion Perception
Ciencias Biológicas, Médicas y de la Salud

Emily Hird MRC 2017
Placebo analgesia: the role of expectation and aversive prediction error
Ciencias Biológicas, Médicas y de la Salud

Isobel McMillan EPSRC 2017
Stimulating reading: a behavioural and electrophysiological investigation of the impact of brain stimulation in developmental dyslexia
Ciencias Biológicas, Médicas y de la Salud

Caroline Lea-Carnall EPSRC 2017
Investigating properties of functional brain networks using the resonance phenomenon
Medical and Human Sciences

Adama Lawarence MRC 2017
Investigating the limits of how expectation can shape affective judgement
Medical and Human Sciences

Jennifer Gethin MRC 2015
Electrophysiological and neurocognitive correlates of self-blame and associated vulnerability to major depression
Medical and Human Sciences

James Cousins MRC 2014
The role of post-learning reactivation in memory consolidation
Medical and Human Sciences

George Farmer ESRC 2014
Computational and Behavioural Analysis of Rationality in Contextual Preference Reversals
Medical and Human Sciences

Sarah Davies BBSRC 2013
The role of context in flavour-flavour evaluative conditioning
Medical and Human Sciences

Marianna Blackburn BBSRC 2012
Decision Making Under Uncertainty: Differentiating Between “If”, “What” and “When” Outcomes Occur
Medical and Human Sciences

Mark Drakesmith SPS bursary 2012
Reconstructing coherent networks from electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography recordings
Medical and Human Sciences

Martin O'Driskoll Cochlear Ltd 2012
The Electrophysiology of Brainstem Stimulation in Adults and Children with an Auditory Brainstem Implant
Medical and Human Sciences

Liam Mason MRC 2012
Characterising the neural mechanisms of reward processing in bipolar disorder using EEG and fMRI
Medical and Human Sciences

Eve Applegate MRC 2011

Michael Moutoussis 2011
Defensive Avoidance in Paranoid Delusions: Experimental and Computational Approaches
Medical and Human Sciences

Ivan Koychev Industry 2011
Neuropsychological and electrophysiological biomarkers of the schizophrenia spectrum
Medical and Human Sciences

Magdalena Krol SPS bursary 2011
Role and mechanisms of top-down optimisation of perception
Medical and Human Sciences

Alexis Makin ESRC 2010
Velocity Memory
Medical and Human Sciences

Michael Maslin MRC 2010
Plasticity, hemispheric asymmetries and the neural representation of sound
Medical and Human Sciences

Debbie Morton Arthritis Research UK 2009
Cognitive changes due to placebo analgesia
Medical and Human Sciences

Alison Watson Arthritis Research UK 2008
Neurophysiology of human placebo analgesia
Medical and Human Sciences

Post docs supervised
Name funding years
Felipe Torres ANID, Chile 2022-
Claudio Roman ANID, Chile 2022-
Monica Otero ANID, Chile 2021-2022
Grace Whitaker ANID, Chile 2018-2020
Caroline Lea-Carnall MRC 2017-2021
Laura Mirams Unilever 2011-2013
Ivan Olier EU 2010-2012
Christopher Brown MRC 2008-2012
Alison Watson Arthritis Research UK 2008-2013
Andrea Power Dr Hadwen Trust 2010-2013
Laura Mirams Unilever 2011-2013
Idrick Akhoun MRC 2008-2011
Johanna Kuenzel EU 2007-2010
Andy Woods EU 2007-2010
Ian Jarman Unilever 2007-2009
Carmen Sordo Unilever 2005-2007
Antonio Cofino Unilever 2003-2005

Panel Membership
2019 -2021 ANID. Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile
2016 -2019 Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Chile
2013 - 2017 Medical Research Council, U

Patents granted
Cronin OS, El-Deredy W, Harbron CG, Hayet M, Patel S. Software Patent: System for analysing textual data. EP1271341 (2003)

Adjali I, Dias MB, El-Deredy W, Sordo-Garcia CM, Li M, Lisboa PJG. Purchases method and system. US 6983926 (2011).


EEG Multi-Mode Oscillatory Brain State Allocation Using Switching Spectral Gaussian Processes Prieur-Coloma, Yunier; Torres, Felipe A.; Trujillo-Barreto, Nelson J.; El-Deredy, Wael Article ISI IEEE ACCESS (2025)
Prefrontal cortex synchronization with the hippocampus and parietal cortex is strategy-dependent during spatial learning Garcia, Francisca; Torres, Maria-Jose; Chacana-Veliz, Lorena; Espinosa, Nelson; El-Deredy, Wael; Fuentealba, Pablo; Negron-Oyarzo, Ignacio Article ISI SCOPUS Communications Biology (2025)
A High-Resolution LED Stimulator for Steady-State Visual Stimulation: Customizable, Affordable, and Open Source Otero, Mónica; Prieur-Coloma, Yunier; El-Deredy, Wael; Weinstein, Alejandro Article ISI SCOPUS Sensors (2024)
EEG resting state alpha dynamics predict an individual's vulnerability to auditory hallucinations Honcamp H.; Duggirala, S. X.; Climent, J. Rodino; Astudillo A.; Trujillo-Barreto, N. J.; Schwartze M.; Linden, D. E. J.; van Amelsvoort, T. A. M. J.; El-Deredy W.; Kotz, S. A. Article ISI SCOPUS Cognitive Neurodynamics (2024)
Emergence of multiple spontaneous coherent subnetworks from a single configuration of human connectome coupled oscillators model Lea-Carnall, Caroline A. Article ISI SCOPUS SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2024)
Explicit Modeling of Brain State Duration Using Hidden Semi Markov Models in EEG Data Trujillo-Barreto, Nelson J.; Galvez, David Araya; Astudillo, Aland; El-Deredy, Wael Article ISI IEEE Access (2024)
The cognitive triad network - oscillation - behaviour links individual differences in EEG theta frequency with task performance and effective connectivity Gomez-Lombardi, Andre; Costa, Begona Gongora; Gutierrez, Pavel Prado; Carvajal, Pablo Munoz; Rivera, Lucia Z.; El-Deredy, Wael Article ISI SCOPUS SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2024)
Beyond global synchrony: Equivalence between Kuramoto oscillators and Wilson-Cowan model for large scale brain networks Lea-Carnall, Caroline A. Article ISI SCOPUS Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering (2023)
Efficient Estimation of Time-Dependent Brain Functional Connectivity Using Anatomical Connectivity Constraints Larzabal, Hernan Hernandez; Araya, David; Rodriguez, Lazara Liset Gonzalez; Roman, Claudio; Trujillo-Barreto, Nelson; Guevara, Pamela Article ISI SCOPUS IEEE Access (2023)
Fuzzy deconvolution of neuronal events in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Moraga, Claudio Article SCOPUS Procedia Computer Science (2023)
Gaussian Processes Spectral Kernels Recover Brain Metastable Oscillatory Modes Torres, Felipe; Guevara, Pamela; IEEE Article ISI SCOPUS (2023)
Group-Wise Cortical Parcellation Based on Structural Connectivity and Hierarchical Clustering Molina, Joaquín; Mendoza, Cristobal; Roman, Claudio; Houenou, Josselin; Poupon, Cyril; Mangin, Jean François; El-Deredy, Wael; Hernández , Cecilia; Guevara, Pamela; Brieva, J; et al. Article ISI SCOPUS Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering (2023)
Multiscale cortical parcellation based on geodesic distance and hierarchical clustering Prieto, Yarelis; Hernández , Cecilia; Guevara, Pamela; IEEE Article ISI SCOPUS (2023)
Self-regulation learning as active inference: dynamic causal modeling of an fMRI neurofeedback task Sepulveda, Pradyumna; Friston, Karl J.; Sitaram, Ranganatha Article ISI SCOPUS Frontiers in Neuroscience (2023)
White Matter Bundles Linked to Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Patients and Intermediate Stages Roman, Claudio; Henrique, Fernando; Slachevsky, Andrea; Lillo, Patricia; Riquelme, Patricio; Guevara, Pamela; El-Deredy, Wael; IEEE Article ISI SCOPUS (2023)
A mean-field model of glutamate and GABA synaptic dynamics for functional MRS Caroline A Lea-Carnall, Wael El-Deredy, Charlotte J Stagg, Stephen R Williams, Nelson J Trujillo-Barreto Article WOS 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119813 NEUROIMAGE (2022)
Altered Pain Processing Associated with Administration of Dopamine Agonist and Antagonist in Healthy Volunteers Martin, Sarah L.; Jones, Anthony; Kobylecki, Christopher; Whitaker, Grace A.; Silverdale, Monty A. Article ISI SCOPUS Brain Sciences (2022)
C-low threshold mechanoafferent targeted dynamic touch modulates stress resilience in rats exposed to chronic mild stress Walker S.C.; Cavieres A.; PeÃƒÂ±aloza-Sancho V.; El-Deredy W.; McGlone F.P.; Dagnino-Subiabre A. Article ISI European Journal of Neuroscience (2022)
Modelling neural entrainment and its persistence: influence of frequency of stimulation and phase at the stimulus offset Lea-Carnall, Caroline A.; ESCOBAR-SILVA, MARIA JOSE Article ISI SCOPUS Biomedical Physics and Engineering Express (2022)
Uncovering hidden resting state dynamics: A new perspective on auditory verbal hallucinations Article WOS https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119188 NEUROIMAGE (2022)
Cortical ignition dynamics is tightly linked to the core organisation of the human connectome Orio, Patricio Article ISI PLoS Computational Biology (2020)
GABA Modulates Frequency-Dependent in Humans Lea-Carnall, Caroline A.; Williams, Stephen R.; Sanaei-Nezhad, Faezeh; Trujillo-Barreto, Nelson J.; Montemurro, Marcelo A.; Parkes, Laura M. Article ISI iScience (2020)
Improving EEG Muscle Artifact Removal With an EMG Array Mucarquer J.A. Article ISI SCOPUS IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT (2020)
Individuals with chronic pain have the same response to placebo analgesia as healthy controls in terms of magnitude and reproducibility Power, Andrea; Brown, Christopher Andrew; Sivan, Manoj; Lenton, Ann; Rainey, Timothy; Jones, Anthony Kenneth Peter; Watson, Alison Article ISI Pain (2020)
Persistence of EEG Alpha Entrainment Depends on Stimulus Phase at Offset Article ISI Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2020)
A Method for Tracking the Time Evolution of Steady-State Evoked Potentials Zanartu, Mattes Article ISI Journal of Visualized Experiments (2019)
Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception Charalambous C.; Jones A.K. Article ISI SCOPUS SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)
Limbic-visual attenuation to crying faces underlies neglectful mothering LeÃ³n I.; QuiÃ±ones I. Article ISI SCOPUS SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)
Sensitivity to pain expectations: A Bayesian model of individual differences Article ISI SCOPUS COGNITION (2019)
Transcranial alternating current stimulation at 10 Hz modulates response bias in the Somatic Signal Detection Task Poliakoff, Ellen; Lloyd, Donna Article ISI SCOPUS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY (2019)
A comparison between the neural correlates of laser and electric pain stimulation and their modulation by expectation Hird E.J. Article ISI SCOPUS JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS (2018)
A Re-Examination of Bias in Human Randomness Perception Warren, PA; Farmer, GD; El-Deredy W. Article ISI SCOPUS JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE (2018)
Identification of memory reactivation during sleep by EEG classification Belal, Suliman; Cousins, James; Parkes, Laura; Schneider, Jules; Tsujimura, Hikaru; Zoumpoulaki, Alexia; Perapoch, Marta; Santamaria, Lorena; Lewis, Penelope Article ISI NEUROIMAGE (2018)
Temporal dissociation of salience and prediction error responses to appetitive and aversive taste Hird, E. J. Article ISI SCOPUS PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY (2018)
Effects of Acute Ketamine Infusion on Visual Working Memory: Event-Related Potentials Koychev, Ivan; William Deakin, John Francis; El-Deredy, Wael; Haenschel, Corinna Article SCOPUS Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (2017)
Evidence for frequency-dependent cortical plasticity in the human brain El-Deredy, Wael Article ISI SCOPUS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2017)
Pre-stimulus alpha oscillations over somatosensory cortex predict tactile misperceptions Craddock, Matt; El-Deredy, Wael; Klepousniotou, Ekaterini; Lloyd, Donna M. Article ISI SCOPUS NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA (2017)
The Effect of Expected Value on Attraction Effect Preference Reversals Article ISI SCOPUS JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING (2017)
Attentional Bias Predicts Increased Reward Salience and Risk Taking in Bipolar Disorder Mason L.; Trujillo-Barreto N.J.; Bentall R.P.; El Deredy, W. Article ISI SCOPUS BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY (2016)
Cortical Resonance Frequencies Emerge from Network Size and Connectivity Lea-Carnall, Caroline A.; Montemurro, Marcelo A.; Trujillo-Barreto, Nelson J.; Parkes, Laura M.; El-Deredy,Wael; Hilgetag, Claus C. Article ISI SCOPUS PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY (2016)
Cued Reactivation of Motor Learning during Sleep Leads to Overnight Changes in Functional Brain Activity and Connectivity Cousins, James N.; El-Deredy,Wael; Parkes, Laura M.; Hennies, Nora; Lewis, Penelope A.; Battaglia, Francesco P. Article ISI SCOPUS PLOS BIOLOGY (2016)
Good vibrations: Global processing can increase the pleasantness of touch El-Deredy, Wael Article Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2016)
I feel bad and look worse than you: Social comparisons moderate the effect of mood on face health judgement Mirams, Laura; Poliakoff, Ellen; Zandstra, Elizabeth H.; Hoeksma, Marco; Thomas, Anna; El-Deredy,Wael Article Acta Psychologica (2016)
The Functional Role of Neural Oscillations in Non-Verbal Emotional Communication Symons, Ashley E.; El-Deredy,Wael; Schwartze, Michael; Kotz, Sonja A. Article ISI SCOPUS FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE (2016)
An Empirical Study of Defensive Avoidance in Paranoia Moutoussis, Michael; El-Deredy, Wael; Bentall, Richard P. Article ISI Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (2015)
Cortical auditory evoked potentials as an objective measure of behavioral thresholds in cochlear implant users Article ISI Hearing Research (2015)
Electrically evoked compound action potentials artefact rejection by independent component analysis: Procedure automation Akhoun, Idrick; McKay, Colette; El-Deredy, Wael Article Journal of Neuroscience Methods (2015)
Electrode Selection and Speech Understanding in Patients With Auditory Brainstem Implants McKay, Colette M.; Azadpour, Mahan; Jayewardene-Aston, Deanne; O?Driscoll, Martin; El-Deredy, Wael Article EAR AND HEARING (2015)
Old-new ERP effects and remote memories: the late parietal effect is absent as recollection fails whereas the early mid-frontal effect persists as familiarity is retained Tsivilis, D; Allan, K; Roberts J.; Williams N.; Downes J.J.; El Deredy, W. Article ISI SCOPUS Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2015)
Striatal opioid receptor availability is related to acute and chronic pain perception in arthritis: does opioid adaptation increase resilience to chronic pain? Matthews J.; Fairclough, M; McMahon, A; Barnett E.; Al-Kaysi, A; El Deredy, W.; Jones A.K.P. Article ISI SCOPUS Pain (2015)
The attraction effect in motor planning decisions Farmer, GD; El Deredy, W.; Howes, A; Warren, PA Article ISI SCOPUS Judgment and Decision Making (2015)
A formal model of interpersonal inference Moutoussis, M; Trujillo-Barreto N.J.; El Deredy, W.; Dolan, RJ; Friston, KJ Article ISI FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE (2014)
An ERP investigation of conditional reasoning with emotional and neutral contents Blanchette, Isabelle; El-Deredy, Wael Article Brain and Cognition (2014)
Cued Memory Reactivation during Slow-Wave Sleep Promotes Explicit Knowledge of a Motor Sequence Cousins, J. N.; Parkes, L. M.; Hennies, N.; Lewis, P. A. Article ISI JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2014)
Decision-making and trait impulsivity in bipolar disorder are associated with reduced prefrontal regulation of striatal reward valuation Mason L.; O'Sullivan, N; Montaldi, D; Bentall R.P.; El Deredy, W. Article ISI BRAIN (2014)
Feeling Bad and Looking Worse: Negative Affect Is Associated with Reduced Perceptions of Face-Healthiness El-Deredy, Wael; McCormick, Cheryl Article ISI PLOS ONE (2014)
The behavioural assessment of savouring in schizotypal anhedonia: The Verbal Fluency Test of Enjoyable Experiences (VFTEE) Applegate, Eve; El-Deredy, Wael; Bentall, Richard P. Article Personality and Individual Differences (2014)
A switching multi-scale dynamical network model of EEG/MEG Olier, I; Trujillo-Barreto N.J.; El Deredy, W. Article ISI NEUROIMAGE (2013)
Experimental Placebo Analgesia Changes Resting-State Alpha Oscillations Huneke, NTM; Burford, E; Watson A.; Trujillo-Barreto N.J.; El Deredy, W.; Jones A.K.P. Article ISI PLOS ONE (2013)
Reconstructing Coherent Networks from Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography with Reduced Contamination from Volume Conduction or Magnetic Field Spread Drakesmith, M; El Deredy, W.; Welbourne, S Article ISI PLOS ONE (2013)
The Feedback-Related Negativity Signals Salience Prediction Errors, Not Reward Prediction Errors Talmi D.; Atkinson, R; El Deredy, W. Article ISI JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2013)
Abnormal neural oscillations in schizotypy during a visual working memory task: Support for a deficient top-down network? Koychev, I; Deakin, JFW; Haenschel, C; El-Deredy W. Article ISI NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA (2011)
Bayesian modelling of Jumping-to-Conclusions bias in delusional patients Moutoussis, M; Bentall R.P.; El-Deredy W.; Dayan, P Article ISI COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHIATRY (2011)


Sensory and Electric Brain Stimulation for Neurorehabilitation: From Mechanisms to Clinical Practice El Deredy, Wael; Weinstein, Alejandro Jose Proyecto (2021)
A generative model of EEG dynamical functional connectivity to predict neurodegenerative-disease progression: bridging the gap between biophysical and machine learning models El-Deredy; Alejandro Veloz Proyecto (2020)
Multimodal machine learning approach for detecting pathological activity pattern in elderlies Carla Taramasco Proyecto (2020)
Chaos versus Noise as drivers of Multistability in Neural Networks Wael El-Deredy Proyecto (2018)
Dispositivo neuroingenieril para mejorar el control de la atención de trabajadoresen minas a gran altura Alejandro Weistein; Wael El-Deredy Proyecto (2017)
From neurotransmitters to dynamic connectivity: A statistical mechanics approach to modelling cortical interactions Caroline Lea-Carnall; Wael El-Deredy Proyecto (2017)
Neural Mechanisms of Brain Self-regulation with Brain-Machine Interfaces and Application to Addiction Ranganatha Sitaram Proyecto (2017)
EEG IMAGING OF TIME-DEPENDENT BRAIN NETWORKS USING HYBRID DYNAMICAL MODELS Wael El-Deredy; Alejandro Weinstein Proyecto (2016)
Imaging dynamical brain networks using hybrid dynamical models Nelson Trujillo-Barreto; Wael El-Deredy Proyecto (2016)
Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronical Engineering Juan Ruz Proyecto como investigador asociado (2015)
Investigating properties of functional brain networks using the resonance phenomenon Wael El-Deredy Proyecto (2015)
The feeling of what (does not) happen: A multimodal neurobehavioural account of somatosensory misperceptions Donna Lloyd; Wael El-Deredy Proyecto (2014)
Too much of a good thing? Examining the bounds and time course of expectation-induced perceptual and hedonic experience Wael El-Deredy Proyecto (2014)
A new perspective on human judgement and decision making as optimal: A framework for behaviour change Pael Warren; Wael El-Deredy Proyecto (2013)


Mechanisms of brain self-regulation: psychological factors, mechanistic models and neural substrates Sitaram, Ranganatha; Sanchez-Corzo, Andrea; Vargas, Gabriela; Cortese, Aurelio; El-Deredy, Wael; Jackson, Andrew; Fetz, Eberhard Review ISI SCOPUS Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2024)
Bayesian inferences about the self (and others): A review Moutoussis, M; Fearon, P; El Deredy, W.; Dolan, RJ; Friston, KJ Review ISI CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION (2014)