Foto187.jpg_thumb90

claudio alberto olea azar

Full Professor

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

Líneas de Investigación


Basically, my group's research focuses on studying the behavior of families of drugs whose mechanism of action involves the formation of free radicals. The study of these compounds is accomplished by electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, and the characterization and analysis using electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) Also, we study of short-lived radicals using spin trapping. Moreover,the experimental parameters are rationalized using theoretical models type, ab-initio and DFT. In the medical field, our group has studied the pathophysiological characteristics between tumor cells and parasites such as T. cruzi, focusing on bioenergetics and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we have studied various natural and synthetic compounds in order to alter these processes. Other aspect of our research involves the area of antioxidants studies, in recent years, his group has focused its research studies on several families of synthetic molecules (flavonoids, coumarins, chalcones among others) and food samples through methodologies ORAC FL ORAC PGR and ESR and spin trapping techniques which are used for the characterization and detection of radical species with short life.

Educación

  •  Antioxidant and Radicals, UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE. Chile, 1995
  •  Quimica, UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE. Chile, 1995

Experiencia Académica

  •   Full Professor Full Time

    UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

    Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas

    Santiago, Chile

    1995 - At present

Experiencia Profesional

  •   Full Professor Full Time

    Universidad de Chile

    Santiago, Chile

    1995 - At present

Formación de Capital Humano


Underdegre

1.- Carolina Rigol Olsen 2001
Estudio REE y electroquímico de moléculas como potenciales antichagásicos
Tesis para optar al título de Químico

2.-Rodolfo Briones 2000
Estudio Teórico de los mecanismos de reducción de familias de N-óxidos
como potenciales agentes antiparasitarios
Tesis para optar al título de Bioquímico
3.- Jaime Alarcón 1997
Tesis para obtener al título de Técnico en Análisis Químico Físico
Universidad de Santiago de Chile.

4.- Cristina Caviedes 2006
Estudio de la capacidad antioxidante y reactividad de hidroquinonas biciclicas y antracenonas derivadas
Tesis para optar al título de Profesor de Estado UMCE

5.- María de los Ángeles Aravena 2003
Estudio Electroquímico (VC) y de Resonancia de Spin Electrónico (ESR) de dióxidos derivados de fenazina, potenciales antichagásicos
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Industrial UTEM

6.- Catalina Carrasco. 2006
Interacción entre tióles endógenos y iones cobre: Estudios in vitro sobre la formación de complejos redox-inactivos” Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutica.

7.- Jaime González Vivanco 2005
Sintesis y estudio de la actividad inhibitoria de la respiracion de celulas tumorales de la 8,8- dimetilnaftalen-1,4,5-(8h)-triona y su correspondiente hidroquinona
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Farmacético Univ de Chile1997

8.- Raul Mera Adasme 2008
Estudio de Modelación Molecular de la Conformación de Canales de Cloruro tipo CIC
Tesis para optar al título de Bioquimico Univ de Chile

9.- Roberto Figueroa Guiñez 2009
Estudio electroquimico, EPR y reactividad de derivados de 5-nitroindazol de interes biológico
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Industrial UTEM

10.- Jeannette Toloza González 2009
Estudio electroquimico y de reactividad de complejos de Rutenio con ligandos de nitrotiosemicarbazona
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Industrial UTEM

11.- Fernanda Pérez Cruz 2008
Estudio electroquímico de derivados de 5-nitroindazol y análisis espectroscópico de sus complejos de inclusión con ciclodextrina
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Univ de Chile

12.- Victor Brossard Flores 2008
Estudio de Inclusión de Kaemferol en Ciclodextrina
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Industrial UTEM

13.-Ismael Becerra Garrido 2009
Estudio de la capacidad antioxidante de cromonas
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Industrial UTEM

14.- Daniel Contreras 2009
Estudio electroquímico, ESR de complejos organometalicos de interés chagásico
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Industrial UTEM

15.-Christian Diaz Urrutia 2009
“Estudio Quimico Biologico de Nitroindazoles tetraciclicos de interés parasitario”
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Univ de Chile

16.- Muriel Alfaro 2009
Estudio de reactividad de la luteolina en su estado libre y formando complejos de inclusión con ciclodextrinas
Tesis para optar al título de Química Univ de Chile

17.- Constanza Cifuentes (Quimica) 2009
Estudio Termodinámico y estructural de los complejos de Inclusión de luteolina-ciclodextrina
Tesis para optar al título de Química Univ de Chile

18.- German Barriga 2006
Estudio de Reactividad de nitrocompuestos de interés antiparasitario
Tesis para optar al título de Profesor de Química

19.- Christian Folch 2006
Estudio Electroquímico y de reactividad de Complejos de Ru de interés antiparasitario
Tesis para optar al título de Profesor de Química

20.- Sebastian Miranda 2007
Estudio por Modelación Molecular de la proteína adaptadora-AICD
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico Univ. de Chile

21.- Joselyn Fuentes.2008
Estudio de Inclusion de Apigenina en CD
Tesis para optar al título de Química Univ de Chile

22.- Scarlet Valencia 2008
Estudio UV-visible y Voltaamperometría Cíclica de complejos de Inclusión piridil cetonas y CD Tesis para optar al título de Químico Industrial UTEM

23.- Ivan Gonzáles 2008
Estudio de complejos de Inclusíon de nitrocompuestos y galangina con CD
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Industrial UTEM

24.-Teresita Orostegui 2007
Estudio de Inclusión en diferentes CD. Determinación de propiedades termodinámicas
Tesis para optar al título de Químico Industrial UTEM

Ph Degree

Rodolfo Briones
ESTUDIO TEÓRICO DE SELECTIVIDAD ANIÓNICA Y MECANISMOS DE APERTURA Y CIERRE (GATING) EN CANALES DE CLORURO DE LA FAMILIA CLC

Carolina Rigol
EVALUACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL Y TEÓRICA DE LA REACTIVIDAD DE DERIVADOS DE N-ÓXIDOS Y NITROFURANOS EN SUS FORMAS NEUTRAS Y RADICALARIAS COMO POTENCIALES AGENTES FARMACOLÓGICOS
Fernanda Perez

Monica Espinoza
DISEÑO DE MATERIALES DE REFERENCIA PARA METALES EN VINO. EVALUACION DEL EFECTO DE METALES EN LA CAPACIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DEL VINO.

Carolina Jullian
ESTUDIO POR RESONANCIA MAGNETICA DE COMPLEJOS DE INCLUSION DE CICLODEXTRINAS CON FLAVONAS Y FLAVONOLES

Jorge Rodríguez
Estudio electroquímico, espectroscópico y teórico de una nueva familia de 5-nitroindazoles con potenciales actividades biológica

Benjamin Aguilera
Evaluación Químico-Biológica de 1,1’-hidrocarbilen bis(indazol-3-ols) derivados como agentes antiparasitarios y diseño de nuevas alternativas quimioterapéuticas.

Cristina Acuña
Estudio de Complejos Diasteroisoméricos flavanona/?-ciclodextrina a través de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear.

German Barriga
Estudio de Resonancia de Espín Electrónico y Racionalización de Nuevas Nitronas, Atrapadores de Radicales

Christian Folch
Estudio de Inclusión de Derivados de Catequina en Ciclodextrina: Actividad Antioxidante y Estabilidad.

Raul Mera
Estudio Teórico del Sitio de Coordinación de Zinc en Variedades Silvestres y Mutantes de la Enzima Superoxido Dismutasa de Cobre y Zinc

Fernanda Perez
Estudio de la capacidad antioxidantes de derivados de cumarina en sistemas homogéneos y microheterogeneo

Jeannette Toloza
Estudio de la capacidad tripanocida e inhibición de células de una nueva seria de complejos de Ru con ligandos combinados con PTA y nitrotiosemicarbazona y su posibles mecanismo de acción

Roberto Figueroa
Evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante y actividad biológica de nuevos compuestos derivados de cumarinas y chalcones cumarinas

Michel Lapier

Evaluación química biológica de bis (1,2,3) triazolo piridin cetona derivados, como agentes antichagásicos

Francisco Mura
Estudio de la actividad antioxidante y posible capacidad anticancerígena de nuevos compuestos derivados de ácido cinámico.

Maria de los Angeles Aravena

ESTUDIO DE LA ACTIVIDAD TRIPANOCIDA Y DE LOS MECANISMOS DE ACCIÓN ANTIPARASITARIA DE DOS NUEVAS FAMILIAS DE NITROCOMPUESTOS: DERIVADOS DE NITROFURANO Y NITROINDAZOL

MASTER DEGREE

Alejandra Herrera
Magister en Quimica Universidad de Santiago de Chile
Estudio de la capacidad antioxidante de ciclodextrinas derivatizadas y sus complejos de inclusion con derivados de ácido cinámico.

Karen Valdes de la Barra
Magitser en Quimica Universidad de Santiago de Chile
Propiedades de Complejos de Cobre (I) y Actividad frente a Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno

Natalia Robledo
Magitser en Quimica Universidad Chile
Evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante y actividad tripanocida de nuevos compuestos hidroxilados de cumarinas

Andrea Muñoz
Magister en Quimica Universidad Chile
Evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante y actividad tripanocida de nuevos compuestos N-arilamidocumarinas

Monica Rojas
Magister en Quimica Universidad Chile
Estudio químico-biologíco de derivados de noftoquinonas con potencial actividad tripanocida


Premios y Distinciones

  •   Claudio Olea

    BRITISH COUNCIL

    Chile, 1993

    Doctoral Stay


 

Article (166)

Antioxidant Nanomaterial Based on Core-Shell Silica Nanospheres with Surface-Bound Caffeic Acid: A Promising Vehicle for Oxidation-Sensitive Drugs
Supramolecular hydrogels of beta-cyclodextrin linked to calcium homopoly-L-guluronate for release of coumarins with trypanocidal activity
Chemical structure and biological properties of sulfated fucan from the sequential extraction of subAntarctic Lessonia sp (Phaeophyceae)
Cyrhetrenylaniline and new organometallic phenylimines derived from 4-and 5-nitrothiophene: Synthesis, characterization, X-Ray structures, electrochemistry and in vitro anti-T. brucei activity
Evaluation of Trypanocidal and Antioxidant Activities of a Selected Series of 3-amidocoumarins
Heterometallic Cu-II/Ln(III) polymers active in the catalytic aerobic oxidation of cycloalkenes under solvent-free conditions
Ibandronate metal complexes: solution behavior and antiparasitic activity
Chemical and Biological Properties of Phenolics in Wine: Analytical Determinations and Health Benefits
Effect of Olive Pruning Wood Extract on Lipid Oxidation in Sunflower Oil
Evaluation of the Novel Antichagasic Activity of [1,2,3]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine Derivatives
Ferrocenyl and cyrhetrenyl azines containing a 5-nitroheterocyclic moiety: Synthesis, structural characterization, electrochemistry and evaluation as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents
Nitrones=> A Potential New Alternative as Therapeutic Agents
Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl compounds of bioactive thiosemicarbazones: Synthesis, characterization and activity against Trypanosoma cruzi
Synthesis and antioxidant study of new polyphenolic hybrid-coumarins
Synthesis, antioxidant and antichagasic properties of a selected series of hydroxy-3-arylcoumarins
EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE FLAVONOIDS ISOLATED FROM HELIOTROPIUM SINUATUM RESIN USING ORAC(FL), DPPH AND ESR METHODOLOGIES
Facing Chagas' Disease: Trypanocidal Properties of New Coumarin-chalcone Scaffolds
Morin Flavonoid Adsorbed on Mesoporous Silica, a Novel Antioxidant Nanomaterial
Novel ruthenium(II) cyclopentadienyl thiosemicarbazone compounds with antiproliferative activity on pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites
Study of Coumarin-Resveratrol Hybrids as Potent Antioxidant Compounds
Unsymmetrical cyrhetrenyl and ferrocenyl azines derived from 5-nitrofurane: Synthesis, structural characterization and electrochemistry
Contribution of metals, sulfur-dioxide and phenolic compounds to the antioxidant capacity, of Carmenere wines
Effect of the Metal Ion on the anti T. cruzi Activity and Mechanism of Action of 5-Nitrofuryl-Containing Thiosemicarbazone Metal Complexes
New insights into the antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic systems: Spectroscopic, electrochemistry, and cellular studies
NMR and molecular fluorescence spectroscopic study of the structure and thermodynamic parameters of EGCG/beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with potential antioxidant activity
Synthesis and electrochemical oxidation of hybrid compounds: dihydropyridine-fused coumarins
Water-Soluble Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Activity Against Protozoan Parasites
Antioxidant activity of the mangiferin inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin
Electron Spin Resonance as a Powerful Tool for Studying Antioxidants and Radicals
Host-guest interaction between new nitrooxoisoaporphine and beta-cyclodextrins: Synthesis, electrochemical, electron spin resonance and molecular modeling studies
Organometallic Schiff bases derived from 5-nitrothiophene and 5-nitrofurane: Synthesis, crystallographic, electrochemical, ESR and antiTrypanosoma cruzi studies
Potential Mechanism of the Anti-trypanosomal Activity of Organoruthenium Complexes with Bioactive Thiosemicarbazones
Remarkable antioxidant properties of a series of hydroxy-3-arylcoumarins
Selected hydroxycoumarins as antioxidants in cells: physicochemical and reactive oxygen species scavenging studies
Structural and thermodynamic factors on the adsorption process of phenolic compounds onto polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
Synthesis and Electrochemical and Biological Studies of Novel Coumarin- Chalcone Hybrid Compounds
Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and trypanocidal properties of a selected series of coumarin derivatives
Synthesis of coumarin-chalcone hybrids and evaluation of their antioxidant and trypanocidal properties
Synthetic cannabinoid quinones: preparation, in vitro antiproliferative effects and in vivo prostate antitumor activity.
Thermodynamic and geometric study of diasteroisomeric complexes formed by racemic flavanones and three cyclodextrins through NMR
Use of Pyrogallol Red and Pyranine as Probes to Evaluate Antioxidant Capacities towards Hypochlorite
Antitrypanosomal and antioxidant properties of 4-hydroxycoumarins derivatives
Computational Studies of the Metal-Binding Site of the Wild-Type and the H46R Mutant of the Copper, Zinc Superoxide Dismutase
Dihydropyridine-fused and pyridine-fused coumarins: Reduction on a glassy carbon electrode in dimethylformamide
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Investigation of Bioactive Naphthoquinones
Electrochemical, ESR and Theoretical Insights into the Free Radical Generation by 1,1 '-Hydrocarbylenebisindazoles and Its Evaluation as Potential Bio-Active Compounds
New organoruthenium complexes with bioactive thiosemicarbazones as co-ligands: potential anti-trypanosomal agents
NMR as a tool for simultaneous study of diasteroisomeric inclusion complexes, part 2: complexes formed by racemic mixture of 4 '-hydroxyflavanone and two cyclodextrins
Oncocalyxone A: Electrochemical, Spectroscopic Investigation and Studies of Its Interaction with DNA, Nucleobases and N-Acetylcysteine
Reactivity of 3-sulfanyl-1-hexanol and catechol-containing phenolics in vitro
Theoretical study of the local reactivity of electrophiles of the type MPR (3) (+) (M = Cu, Ag, Au ;R = -H, -Me, -Ph)
A Computationally Efficient and Reliable Bond Order Measure
Cyclodextrins-Kaempferol Inclusion Complexes: Spectroscopic and Reactivity Studies
ESR, electrochemical, molecular modeling and biological evaluation of 4-substituted and 1,4-disubstituted 7-nitroquinoxalin-2-ones as potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents
Inclusion Complex of 4-Hydroxycoumarin with Cyclodextrins and Its Characterization in Aqueous Solution
Reaction of Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with Antioxidants in Presence of Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) Block Copolymer Nanoaggregates
Role of Superoxide Anions in the Redox Changes Affecting the Physiologically Occurring Cu(I)-Glutathione Complex
Superoxide-dependent reduction of free Fe3+ and release of Fe2+ from ferritin by the physiologically-occurring Cu(I)-glutathione complex
Synthesis, characterization and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi evaluation of ferrocenyl and cyrhetrenyl imines derived from 5-nitrofurane
Antioxidant activity of inclusion complexes of tea catechins with ?-cyclodextrins by ORAC assays
Antioxidant activity of inclusion complexes of tea catechins with beta-cyclodextrins by ORAC assays
ESR and electrochemical study of 1,2-disubstituted 5-nitroindazolin-3-ones and 2-substituted 3-alkoxy-5-nitro-2H-indazoles: Reactivity and free radical production capacity in the presence of biological systems
ESR, ELECTROCHEMICAL AND ORAC STUDIES OF NITRO COMPOUNDS WITH POTENTIAL ANTIPROTOZOAL ACTIVITY
Inclusion Complexes of Cyclodextrins with Galangin: a Thermodynamic and Reactivity Study
New heteroaryl nitrones with spin trap properties: Identification of a 4-furoxanyl derivative with excellent properties to be used in biological systems
NMR as a tool for simultaneous study of diastereoisomeric inclusion complexes formed by racemic mixture of 4'-hydroxyflavanone and heptakis-(2,6-O-dimethyl)-beta-cyclodextrin
NMR as a tool for simultaneous study of diastereoisomeric inclusion complexes formed by racemic mixture of 4?-hydroxyflavanone and heptakis-(2,6-O-dimethyl)-?-cyclodextrin
Redox-active complexes formed during the interaction between glutathione and mercury and/or copper ions
Spectroscopic characterization of the inclusion complexes of luteolin with native and derivatized beta-cyclodextrin
Structural modifications on the phenazine N,N '-dioxide-scaffold looking for new selective hypoxic cytotoxins
Study of benzo[a]phenazine 7,12-dioxide as selective hypoxic cytotoxin-scaffold. Identification of aerobic-antitumoral activity through DNA fragmentation
Theoretical EPR study of Nitroindazoles: 3-Alkoxy, 3-Hydroxy and 3-Oxo Derivatives
Theoretical EPR study of Nitroindazoles: 3-Alkoxy, 3-Hydroxy and 3-Oxo Derivatives
Anti-trypanosomatid benzofuroxans and deoxygenated analogues: Synthesis using polymer-supported triphenylphosphine, biological evaluation and mechanism of action studies
Comparative evaluation of the acceptor properties of quinone derivatized polypyridinic ligands
Determination of reactions between free radicals and selected Chilean wines and transition metals by ESR and UV-vis technique
Effect of ruthenium complexation on trypanocidal activity of 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones
Generation of superoxide radicals by copper-glutathione complexes: Redox-consequences associated with their interaction with reduced glutathione
Molecular encapsulation of 5-nitroindazole derivatives in 2,6-dimethyl-?-cyclodextrin: Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies
Molecular encapsulation of 5-nitroindazole derivatives in 2,6-dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin: Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies
New potent 5-nitroindazole derivatives as inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi growth: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and mechanism of action studies
Platinum-based complexes of bioactive 3-(5-nitrofuryl)acroleine thiosemicarbazones showing anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity
Regulatory volume decrease in cardiomyocytes is modulated by calcium influx and reactive oxygen species
Study of 5-nitroindazoles' anti-Trypanosoma cruzi mode of action: Electrochemical behaviour and ESR spectroscopic studies
Theoretical study of electronic spectra of [Pt 3(?-CO) 3(CO) 3] n -2 (n = 3-5) complexes
Theoretical Study of Electronic Spectra of [Pt-3(mu-CO)(3)(CO)(3)](n)(-2) (n=3-5) Complexes
Ceramide-induced formation of ROS and ATP depletion trigger necrosis in lymphoid cells
Characterization, phase-solubility, and molecular modeling of inclusion complex of 5-nitroindazole derivative with cyclodextrins
Comparative spectroscopic and electrochemical study of nitroindazoles: 3-Alcoxy, 3-hydroxy and 3-oxo derivatives
Complexation of morin with three kinds of cyclodextrin - A thermodynamic and reactivity study
Cu(I)-glutathione complex: A potential source of superoxide radicals generation
Development of a reference material for copper and iron in wine
Double edge redox-implications for the interaction between endogenous thiols and copper ions: In vitro studies
ESR, electrochemical and cyclodextrin-inclusion studies of triazolopyridyl pyridyl ketones and dipyridyl ketones derivatives
ESR, electrochemical and reactivity studies of antitrypanosomal palladium thiosemicarbazone complexes
Heteroarylnitrones as drugs for neurodegenerative diseases: Synthesis, neuroprotective properties, and free radical scavenger properties
New trypanocidal hybrid compounds from the association of hydrazone moieties and benzofuroxan heterocycle
Platinum(II) metal complexes as potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents
Potent in vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of pyridine-2-thiol N-oxide metal complexes having an inhibitory effect on parasite-specific fumarate reductase
Synthesis of calix[4]arenes bearing benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl and benzoimidazolyl heterocycles
Theoretical study of [Hg 3(o-C 6F 4) 3] n · {benzene} (n = 1, 2) complexes
Theoretical study of [Hg(3)(o-C(6)F(4))(3)](n) center dot {benzene} (n=1, 2) complexes
Antioxidant properties and free radical-scavenging reactivity of a family of hydroxynaphthalenones and dihydroxyanthracenones
Complexation of quercetin with three kinds of cyclodextrins: An antioxidant study
Metal ion retention from aqueous solution using the ultrafiltration technique: Preparation, retention capacity of copolymers of N-maleimide derivatives with ?-methylhydrogen itaconate and metal complexes
Stoichiometry and conditional stability constants of Cu(II) or Zn(II) clioquinol complexes; implications for Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease therapy
Studies of inclusion complexes of natural and modified cyclodextrin with (+)catechin by NMR and molecular modeling
Theoretical study in [C 2H 4-Tl] + and [C 2H 2-Tl] + complexes
Theoretical study of the interaction d 10-d 8 between Pt(0) and M(I) on the [Pt(PH 3) 3-MPH 3] + complexes (M = Cu, Ag, Au)
Theoretical study of the interaction d 10-s 2 between Pt(0) and metals on the [Pt(PH 3) 3M] complexes (M = Hg(0), Au(-I))
Theoretical study of the interaction d(10)-s(2) between Pt(0) and metals on the [Pt(PH3)(3)M] complexes (M = Hg(0), Au(-I))
Theoretical study on electronic spectra and aurophilic attraction in [Au 3 (MeN {double bond, long} COMe) 3] n (n = 1 s(-) 4) complexes
Theoretical study on electronic spectra and aurophilic attraction in [Au-3(MeN=COMe)(3)](n) (n-1-4) complexes
Complexes self-associate by hydrogen bonding and metallophilic attraction: Theoretical study
ESR and electrochemical study of 5-nitroindazole derivatives with antiprotozoal activity
Hyperosmotic stress-dependent NF kappa B activation is regulated by reactive oxygen species and IGF-1 in cultured cardiomyocytes
In vitro interaction between homocysteine and copper ions: Potential redox implications
Indazole N-oxide derivatives as antiprotozoal agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation and mechanism of action studies
Nitrofurylsemicarbazone rhenium and ruthenium complexes as anti-trypanosomal agents
Nitrofurylsemicarbazone Rhenium and Ruthenium Complexes as Anti-trypanosomal Agents
Novel antitrypanosomal agents based on palladium nitrofurylthiosemicarbazone complexes: DNA and redox metabolism as potential therapeutic targets
Phenazine 5,10-dioxide derivatives as hypoxic selective cytotoxins: Part II. Structure-activity relationship studies
Reactive oxygen species inhibit hyposmotic stress-dependent volume regulation in cultured rat cardiomyocytes
Theoretical study on 5-nitrofuryl thiosemicarbazone radicals electronic properties
Theoretical study on the electronic spectrum of [M(CN)(2)](n)(-n) (M = Au(I), Ag(I); n=1-3) complexes
Dopamine-dependent iron toxicity in cells derived from rat hypothalamus
Electrochemical and ESR study of 5-nitrofuryl-containing thiosemicarbazones antiprotozoal drugs
ESR and electrochemical studies of 2-acylpyridines and 6,6 '-diacyl-2,2 '-bipyridines
Monoamine transporter inhibitors and norepinephrine reduce dopamine-dependent iron toxicity in cells derived from the substantia nigra
Novel benzo[1,2-c]1,2,5-oxadiazole N-oxide derivatives as antichagasic agents: Chemical and biological studies
Poly(N-phenylmaleimide-co-acrylic acid)-copper(II) and poly(N-phenylmaleimide-co-acrylic acid)-cobalt(II) complexes: Synthesis, characterization, and thermal behavior
Relationship between physicochemical properties and herbicidal activity of 1,2,5-oxadiazole N-oxide derivatives
Theoretical study of the electronic spectrum of binuclear gold(I) complexes
Theoretical study of the interaction d(10)-s(2) between Pt(0) and Tl(I) on the [Pt(PH3)(3)Tl](+) complex
1,2,4-Triazine N-oxide derivatives: Studies as potential hypoxic cytotoxins. Part III
In vitro activity and mechanism of action against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi of 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones
On the neurotoxicity mechanism of leukoaminochrome o-semiquinone radical derived from dopamine oxidation: mitochondria damage, necrosis, and hydroxyl radical formation
Photoreduction of 4-substituted nitrobenzenes by amines
Reactivity of 1,4-dihydropyridines toward SIN-1-derived peroxynitrite
CATHODIC BEHAVIOR OF 2,3-DIHYDROOXOISOAPORPHINES COMPORTAMIENTO CATÓDICO DE 2,3-DIHIDRO-OXOISOAPORFINAS
Electrochemical and microsomal production of free radicals from 1,2,5-oxadiazole N-oxide as potential antiprotozoal drugs
ESR and spin trapping studies of two new potential antitrypanosomal drugs
ESR spin trapping studies of free radicals generated from nitrofuran derivative analogues of nifurtimox by electrochemical and Trypanosoma cruzi reduction
Basis set effects on B3LYP geometries and energies: Case study of interstellar reaction HN=CH2 + •C?N ? H2N-C(•)H-C?N
Computer assisted design of potentially active anti-trypanosomal compounds
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF OXIDATION PRODUCTS DERIVATES OF APOMORPHINE IN APROTIC SOLVENTS
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDIES IN ACRYLAMIDE POLYMERIZATION USING RHENIUM COMPLEXES AS PHOTOSENSITIZERS
Metallomacrocycle (MacM) complex with cyanide as bridged ligand: Electronic structures of [MacMCN](n)
1,2,4-Triazine N-oxide and N,N '-dioxide derivatives: Studies as potential hypoxic cytotoxins and DNA binder
1,2,5-oxadiazole N-oxide derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents: synthesis and biological evaluation. Part IV
Electron spin resonance studies and theoretical quantum calculations of free radicals generated from anthracenetrione by electrochemical and microsomal reduction
Metallomacrocycle complex bridged polymers: electronic structures of -[MacM(L)](n)
Phthalocyanoiron complex with bridged ligands. Electronic structure of monomers and polymers
Possible role of salsolinol quinone methide in the decrease of RCSN-3 cell survival
Electrochemical, UV-visible and EPR studies on nitrofurantoin: Nitro radical anion generation and its interaction with glutathione
Nitrosobenzene: electrochemical, UV-visible and EPR spectroscopic studies on the nitrosobenzene free radical generation and its interaction with glutathione
Synthesis and antitrypanosomal evaluation of E-isomers of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde and 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde semicarbazone derivatives. Structure-activity relationships.
1,2,5-Oxadiazole N-oxide derivatives and related compounds as potential antitrypanosomal drugs: Structure-activity relationships
Comparative SCF MO studies for some histamine analogues as agonists of the H2 receptor of histamine
Electrochemical oxidation of 4-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridines in protic and aprotic media spin trapping studies
1,2,5-oxadiazole N-oxide derivatives as hypoxia-selective cytotoxins: Structure-activity relationships
Cyclic voltammetry and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of some analogues of nifurtimox
Electron spin resonance and cyclic voltammetry studies of nitrofurane and nitrothiophene analogues of nifurtimox
Scavenging of the one-electron reduction product from nisoldipine with relevant thiols: Electrochemical and EPR spectroscopic evidences
Conformational studies on 2-guanidinylthiazole, famotidine and some analogues
Formation of radical anions by electrochemical reduction of nitroimidazoles in aprotic solvents and mixed solvent

Abstract (11)

1,3-Disubstituted-5-nitroindazole derivatives are inhibitors and subversive substrates of trypanothione reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi
Characterization and Kinetic Studies of New Heteroaryl Nitrones as Spin Traps
ESR study on the hyperfine structure of free radicals derived from 1,3-disubstituted-5-nitroindazoles and 1,4-disubstituted-7-nitroquinoxalin-2-ones
Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity in natural products: Propolis and chia plant
Spectroelectrochemistry of 1,4-naphthoquinones and 5-nitroindazoles: Reduction mechanisms and free radical stability
Protective Effect of Synthetic Hydroxycoumarin Derivatives on Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells Against Oxidative Stress Induced by 3-Morpholinosydnonimine and Hydrogen Peroxide
Ruthenium complexes as promising hits for the design of potential agents against multiple trypanosomatid parasites
Antioxidant versus pro-oxidant effects of thio- amino acids in their interaction with copper ions: In vitro studies
Apoptosis induced by hyperosmotic stress
ESR and spin trapping studies of nitrofuran derivatives as potential antitrypanosoma drugs
On the mechanism of dopamine-dependent copper toxicity

BookSection (1)

Generation of Superoxide by the Interaction between Mercury Ions and Endogenous Thiols

ConferencePaper (1)

Reaction of diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with antioxidants in presence of poly(?-caprolactone)/poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) block copolymer nanoaggregates

EditorialMaterial (1)

Effects of copper ions on the free radical-scavenging properties of homocysteine: Implications of a complex formation

Proyecto (16)

Evaluación de la actividad antiproliferativa en diferentes modelos biológicos y estudios de los potenciales
Name of applying centre Network of Medical Chemistry for the development of new potential antiparasitic chemotherapeutic agents
Synthesis of a nIvel antioxidant nanoexcipient formed by silica nanoparticles with polyphenolic compounds covalently linked, evaluation of their antioxidant capacity and their stabilizing properties of Pickering pharmaceutical emulsions Regular 2016
EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF A NEW PROTOTYPES OF TRYPANOCIDE DRUGS DERIVATE OF NITROINDAZOLE, ORGANOMETALLIC COMPLEXES AND COUMARINE FAMILIES
• Evaluation of antiproliferative activity in different biological models and studies of the potential mechanisms action of new compounds derived from coumarins and coordination complexes
Fortalecimiento del la investigación interdisciplinaria a través de la adquisición de un LC-MS-MS para el estudio de metabolitos en sistemas biológicos, antioxidantes en productos naturales, fármacos, contaminantes emergentes y alimentos.
EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF A NEW FAMILY OF 1,3 DISUBTITUTED 5-NITROINDAZOLES AND RUTHENIUM COMPLEXES AS POTENTIAL AGENTS AGAINST CHAGAS DISEASE
EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF A NEW FAMILY OF 1,3 DISUBTITUTED 5-NITROINDAZOLES AND RUTHENIUM COMPLEXES AS POTENTIAL AGENTS AGAINST CHAGAS DISEASE
REDOX-ACTIVE COPPER-GLUTATHIONE COMPLEXES=> A CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THEIR PRO-OXIDANT POTENTIAL
ESTUDIO DE NUEVAS FAMILIAS DE NITROCOMPUESTOS Y COMPLEJOS DE RUTENIO CON LIGANDOS TIOSEMICARBAZONAS CON POTENCIALES AGENTES ANTIPARASITARIAS, USANDO METODOLOGIAS DE RESONANCIA DE ESPIN ELECTRONICO, SPIN TRAPPING, Y EVALUACIONES BIOLOGICAS
THEORETICAL AB INITIO STUDY IN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN M3 CLUSTERS (M = PT, AU, HG) AND INORGANIC FRAGMENTS AND MOLECULES.
5-NITROINDAZOLINONAS 12-DISUSTITUIDAS=> SÍNTESIS Y ESTUDIO BIOLÓGICO ELECTROQUÍMICO Y ESPECTROSCÓPICO ESR DE UNA NUEVA FAMILIA DE AGENTES ANTICHAGASICOS
ESTUDIO DE NUEVAS FAMILIAS DE NITROCOMPUESTOS Y COMPLEJOS DE RUTENIO CON LIGANDOS TIOSEMICARBAZONAS CON POTENCIALES AGENTES ANTIPARASITARIAS, USANDO METODOLOGIAS DE RESONANCIA DE ESPIN ELECTRONICO, SPIN TRAPPING, Y EVALUACIONES BIOLOGIC
ROL DEL COMPLEJO COBRE-GLUTATION COMO UN POSIBLE GENERADOR ENDOGENO DE ESPECIES REACTIVAS DEL OXIGENO=> EVALUACION IN VITRO DE SU POTENCIAL PRO-OXIDANTE
FONDECYT-REGULAR - 2003 - 1030949 ESTUDIO DE NUEVAS FAMILIAS DE NITROCOMPUESTOS Y N, N-DIOXIDOS DE FENAZINA COMO POTENCIALES ANTIPARASITARIAS USANDO METODOLOGIAS DE RESONANCIA DE ESPIN ELECTRONICO, SPIN TRAPPING, Y EVALUACIONES BIOLOGICAS.
FONDECYT-REGULAR - 2000 - 1000834 ESTUDIO DE FAMILIA DE QUINONAS Y N-OXIDOS COMO POTENCIALES ANTIPARASITARIOS UTILIZANDO METODOLOGIAS DE RESONANCIA DE SPIN ELECTRONICO, TECNICA DE SPIN TRAPPING Y EVALUACIONES BIOLOGICAS

Review (6)

Targeting ? -(1,4)-Glucosidase in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: The Role of New Synthetic Coumarins as Potent Inhibitors
Interest of Antioxidant Agents in Parasitic Diseases. The Case Study of Coumarins
Spin Trapping: An Essential Tool for the Study of Diseases Caused by Oxidative Stress
Inclusion and Functionalization of Polymers with Cyclodextrins: Current Applications and Future Prospects
Indazoles: a new top seed structure in the search of efficient drugs against Trypanosoma cruzi
Applications of electron spin, resonance and spin trapping in tropical parasitic diseases
190
claudio olea

Full Professor

Inorganica y Analitica

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

41
Fernando Mendizabal

Full Professor

Chemistry

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE - FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS

Santiago, Chile

33
Juan Maya

Full Professor

Biomedical Sciences Institute

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

20
HERNAN SPEISKY

PROFESOR TITULAR

UNIVERSITY OF CHILE

SANTIAGO, Chile

16
CAROLINA JULLIAN

Profesor Asociado

Quimica Organica y Fisicoquimica

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

SANTIAGO, Chile

16
Camilo López

prof. Asociado

Química Física

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

14
Germán Barriga

Asociado

Quimica

Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación

Ñuñoa, Chile

10
Fernanda Perez

Investigadora senior principal

Síntesis orgánica

Ientropia SPA

Santiago, Chile

9
Michel Lapier

Académico

Química y Farmacia

Universidad de Valparaíso

Valparaíso, Chile

8
Jorge Rodriguez

Professor

Department of Chemistry

UNIVERSIDAD METROPOLITANA DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN

La Florida, Chile

8
Gerald Zapata

Profesor Asociado

Química Inorgánica y Analítica

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

7
Pablo Caviedes

Full professor

ICBM

PROGRAMA DE FARMACOLOGÍA MOLECULAR Y CLÍNICA, ICBM, FAC. DE MEDICINA, U. DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

5
Ulrike Kemmerling

Full Professor

ICBM

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

5
Juan Squella

Académico

Química Orgánica y Físico Química

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS Y FARMACÉUTICAS

Santiago, Chile

5
Margarita Aliaga

Associate Professor

Química Física

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

5
SERGIO LAVANDERO

Director

Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS)

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, FAC CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS Y FARMACÉUTICAS

Santiago, Chile

4
Sergio Cárdenas

Coordinador de Investigación e investigador

Centro de Ingeniería y desarrollo sostenible

Universidad Central de Chile

Santiago, Chile

4
Sebastián Miranda

Profesor Asistente

Departamento de Ciencias Químicas

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ANDRES BELLO

Santiago, Chile

4
Mario Chiong

Profesor

Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

4
Francisco Mura

Investigador postdoctoral

Química y Biología

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Santiago, Chile

4
Juan Guerrero

ACADEMICO

QUÍMICA DE LOS MATERIALES

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

3
Javier Morales

Académico - Profesor Asociado

Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

3
Julio De La Fuente

Profesor Asociado

Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica

FAC. CS. QUÍMICAS Y FARMACÉUTICAS, UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

3
Raul Mera

Profesor Asistente

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

2
Veronica Eisner

Associate Professor

Cellular and Molecular Biology

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Santiago, Chile

2
GERMAN GUNTHER

PROFESOR Titular

Química Orgánica y Físico Química

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

2
Rodrigo Arancibia

PUCV

Valparaiso, Chile

2
Angel Leiva

Full Professor

Physical Chemistry

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

2
Ariel Contreras

assistance professor

Institute for Research in Dental Science

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

2
Maria Zúñiga

Proffesor

Química Inorgánica y Analitica

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

2
Diego Sierra

Profesor Auxiliar

Instituto de Química y Bioquímica

Universidad de Valparaíso

Valparaíso, Chile

2
Mauricio Fuentealba

Profesor Adjunto

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso

Valparaíso, Chile

2
Carla Delporte

Profesor titular

Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, FACULTAD CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS Y FARMACÉUTICAS

SANTIAGO, Chile

2
EDUARDO CHAMORRO

Profesor Titular. Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Universidad Andres Bello

Departamento de Ciencias Químicas

UNIVERSIDAD ANDRES BELLO

Santiago, Chile

2
Eduardo Agosin

Full Professor

Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

2
JUAN VILLENA

FULL PROFESSOR

ANATOMY

FACULTA DE MEDICINA. UNIVERSIDAD DE VALPARAISO

VIÑA DEL MAR, Chile

2
CLAUDIO SAITZ

Associate Prof.

Organic and Phisycal Chemistry

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE-FAC. CS. QUIMICAS Y FARMACEUTICAS

Santiago, Chile

2
Ramiro Araya Maturana

Profesor Titular

Universidad de Talca

SantiaTalcago, Chile

2
Andrés Mansilla

Vicerrector de Investigación y Postgrado

Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Naturales

UNIVERSIDAD DE MAGALLANES

Punta Arenas, Chile

2
Christian Folch

Profesor Asistente

Agroindustrias

Universidad de Concepción

Chillán, Chile

2
Alfredo Criollo

Associated Professor

Research Institute in Dental Sciences

Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

2
Francisco Arriagada

Profesor Asistente

Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

2
Clara Quiroga

Profesor Asistente Adjunto

División de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Santiago, Chile

2
SOLEDAD BOLLO

PROFESOR TITULAR

QUIMICA FARMACOLÓGICA Y TOXICOLÓGICA

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

SANTIAGO, Chile

2
Vicente Torres

Associate Professor

Institute for Research in Dental Sciences

FACULTAD DE ODONTOLOGÍA - UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
fernando godoy

Full Professor

Quimica de los Materiales

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
Alexies Dagnino

Full Professor

Physiology

UNIVERSIDAD DE VALPARAÍSO

Valparaíso, Chile

1
Raquel Bridi

Profesor Asociado

Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
ALEXIS ASPEE

Profesor Titular

Ciencias del Ambiente

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
Rodrigo Montecinos

Profesor Asistente

Química-Física

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
Rodrigo Lopez

Profesor Asociado

Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias

UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE

Valdivia, Chile

1
Bruce Cassels

Profesor Titular

Departamento de Química

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, DEPARTAMENTO DE QUÍMICA

Santiago, Chile

1
Mauricio Gonzalez

Profesor Titular

INTA

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE - INSTITUTO DE NUTRICION Y TECNOLOGIA DE ALIMENTOS

Santiago, Chile

1
Alvaro Cañete

Profesor-investigador

instituto de ciencias químicas aplicadas

Universidad Autónoma de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Elias Atala

Head of Science & Technology

R & D

Q-VANT Bioscience

Santiago, Chile

1
Víctor Laurie

Profesor Titular

Horticultura

Universidad de Talca

Talca, Chile

1
Adalberto Klahn

Full Professor

Instituto de Quimica

PUCV

Valparaiso, Chile

1
Mehrdad Yazdani-Pedram

Académico Profesor Titular

Organic and Physical Chemistry

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Bernabe Rivas

Professor

Polymers

Universidad de Concepción

Concepción, Chile

1
Maria Encinas

Full Professor

Enviroment Science

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
Javier Morales

Profesor Asociado

Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
LEONARDO SILVA

PROFESOR TITULAR

UNIVERSIDAD DE TALCA

TALCA, Chile

1
patricio fuentealba

Profesor Titular

Física

U. DE CHILE, FAC. CIENCIAS, DPTO. FISICA

Santiago, Chile

1
Juan Santibáñez

Professor of Research

Molecular Oncology

Institute for Medical Research

Belgrade, Serbia

1
Rodrigo Troncoso

Associate Professor

Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos

Santiago, Chile

1
Andres Stutzin

Full Professor

ICBM

FACULTAD DE MEDICINA UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
Mauricio Henriquez

Profesor asistente

PROGRAMA DE FISIOLOGÍA Y BIOFíSICA

Universidad de Chile / Facultad de Medicina

Santiago, Chile

1
Cristian Salas

Associate professor

Organic Chemistry

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
Patricio Cancino

Docente

Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas

Universidad de Chile

Santiago , Chile

1
Andres Vega

Director

Departamento de Química

UNIVERSIDAD ANDRES BELLO

Santiago, Chile

1
Edgar Pastene

Profesor

Ciencias Básias

Universidad del Bío-Bío

Chillán, Chile

1
Claudia Yáñez

académico

Química Orgánica y Físico Química

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Veronica Arancibia

Profesor horas

Quimica Inorganica

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DE CHILE

SANTIAGO, Chile

1
Jorge Soto

Profesor Asistente

Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas

Universidad Andrés Bello

Viña del Mar, Chile

1
Pablo Fuentealba

Profesor Asistente

Departamento Química Inorgánica y Analítica

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Viviana Pardo

Profesional docente

Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Rodrigo Troncoso

Assistant professor

Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos

Santiago de Chile, Chile

1
Iván González

Profesor

Química

Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana

Santiago, Chile

1
Francisco Valenzuela

Farmacovigilancia de vacunas

ISP

Santiago, Chile

1
Gabriela Valenzuela

Profesor del Laboratorio de Productos Naturales

Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Gonzalo Recabarren

Académico

Farmacia

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
Rubén Veas

Docente

Química farmacológica y toxicológica

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Claudio Terraza

Titular Professor

Organic Chemistry

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
Constanza Suazo

Químico de desarrollo

Sustrend Laboratorios spA

Valparaíso, Chile

1
Luis Santibáñez

Químico Investigación y desarrollo

Photio spa.

Santiago, Chile